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This lesson is the first lesson in 10th grade. This lesson introduces new terms and briefly describes the main objectives of the course. Students become familiar with the significance of the economic and social geography of the world, its features, and main concepts. In addition, the lesson examines the features of the modern political map of the world, its quantitative and qualitative shifts.
Topic: Modern political map of the world
Lesson: Political Map of the World
Economic and social geography of the world - social science that studies the patterns of territorial distribution of social production, the conditions and features of its development and location in various countries and regions.
Economic and social geography combines elements of geography, economics, sociology; it widely uses various research methods of both geographical science and other disciplines.
The subject of research in economic and social geography is the territorial aspect of social reproduction in specific socio-historical conditions.
The political map acts as an important tool for mastering knowledge of geography in grades 10 and 11. There are more than 230 countries on the modern political map of the world.
Rice. 1. Political map of the world
Types of changes in the political map of the world - various transformations on the political map.
Changes are quantitative and qualitative.
Quantitative changes:
1. Annexation of newly discovered lands to the territory of the state.
2. Acquisition or loss of lands after the war.
3. Voluntary concessions.
4. Disintegration or annexation of territories.
Qualitative changes:
1. Changes in the political system in the country.
2. Formation of military blocs.
3. Formation of economic unions.
In economic and social geography, there are two important concepts: boundaries and territories.
Country border- this is a line and a vertical surface passing through it dividing the territory state sovereignty(which includes land, water, subsoil).
Borders are established based on agreements between states. There are two ways to designate state boundaries:
1. Delimitation - defining boundaries on the map.
2. Demarcation - defining and marking boundaries on the ground with special boundary signs.
Sovereign State- a politically independent state with independence in internal and external affairs. The state is the main object of the political map of the world.
Boundaries differ in the way they are drawn:
1. Orographic boundaries - are drawn along natural boundaries (rivers, mountains, etc.).
Examples: Russia - China, Russia - Georgia, USA - Mexico.
2. Geometric boundaries - drawn along straight lines without taking into account the terrain.
Examples: Niger - Mali, Chad - Libya, Libya - Egypt.
3. Astronomical boundaries - drawn through points with certain geographical coordinates.
Examples: USA - Canada.
Rice. 2. Border between the USA and Canada
Territory- this is a part of the earth’s surface with its inherent anthropogenic and natural resources and conditions.
Territories can be state, international or mixed regime.
State territory- an area of the earth's surface that is under the sovereignty of a state.
The state territory includes land, internal waters, territorial waters and subsoil.
Territorial waters are a strip of coastal waters ranging from 3 to 12 nautical miles wide.
1 nautical mile - 1852 meters.
Territories with international regime- territories lying outside the state territory. These terrestrial spaces are in the common use of all states in accordance with international law.
Examples include Antarctica and outer space.
Territory with mixed regime- these are areas of the World Ocean, the bottom outside the territorial waters.
Special territorial regimes- These are international legal regimes that determine the procedure for using any territory.
Non-Self-Governing Territories:
1. Colonies.
2. Overseas departments or freely associated states.
The colony- is a dependent territory that is under the authority of a foreign state (the metropolis), without independent political and economic power, governed on the basis of a special regime.
Examples include small island states in the Pacific Ocean.
Currently, there are a huge number of disputed territories on the political map of the world.
Examples of such territories are Gibraltar, the Falkland Islands, Western Sahara, the Kuril Islands, and Nagorno-Karabakh.
As a result, there are unrecognized or partially recognized states- territories that independently declared their sovereignty without the consent of the UN.
Examples: Republic of Northern Cyprus, Kosovo, Taiwan.
Homework
Topic 1, P. 1
- What is a colony? In what parts of the world did colonial possessions remain?
Bibliography
Main
1. Geography. A basic level of. 10-11 grades: Textbook for educational institutions / A.P. Kuznetsov, E.V. Kim. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2012. - 367 p.
2. Economic and social geography of the world: Textbook. for 10th grade educational institutions / V.P. Maksakovsky. - 13th ed. - M.: Education, JSC "Moscow Textbooks", 2005. - 400 p.
3. Rodionova I.A., Elagin S.A., Kholina V.N., Sholudko A.N. Economic, social and political geography: world, regions, countries: Educational and reference manual / Ed. prof. I.A. Rodionova. - M.: Ekon-Inform, 2008. - 492 p.
4. Universal atlas of the world / Yu.N. Golubchikov, S.Yu. Shokarev. - M.: Design. Information. Cartography: AST: Astrel, 2008. - 312 p.
5. Atlas with a set of outline maps for grade 10. Economic and social geography of the world. - Omsk: FSUE "Omsk Cartographic Factory", 2012. - 76 p.
Additional
- Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., map.: color. on
Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections
- Geography: a reference book for high school students and those entering universities. - 2nd ed., rev. and revision - M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2008. - 656 p.
Literature for preparing for the State Exam and the Unified State Exam
1. Test materials. Geography: 10th grade / Comp. E.A. Zhizhina. - M.: VAKO, 2012. - 96 p.
2. The most complete edition of standard versions of real Unified State Examination tasks: 2010: Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: Astrel, 2010. - 221 p.
3. The optimal bank of tasks for preparing students. Unified State Exam 2012. Geography: Textbook / Comp. EM. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukova. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2012. - 256 p.
4. The most complete edition of standard versions of real Unified State Examination tasks: 2010: Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2010. - 223 p.
5. State final certification of 9th grade graduates in a new form. Geography. 2013: Textbook / V.V. Barabanov. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2013. - 80 p.
6. Unified State Exam 2010. Geography. Collection of tasks / Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 272 p.
7. Geography tests: 10th grade: to the textbook by V.P. Maksakovsky “Economic and social geography of the world. 10th grade” / E.V. Baranchikov. - 2nd ed., stereotype. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2009. - 94 p.
Let's start with a sensational statement: Man's first drawing was a map. Yes, not a hunting scene, but a plan view of the area. Perhaps it was a drawing with a twig on the sand, explaining to fellow tribesmen how to get to the treasured creek on the river or a place where there is a lot of game.
Since ancient times, drawing maps has been one of the most popular services, which very rare masters could provide. They cost significant value in return, especially if they were accurate and reliable.
On this page you can see a large map of the world with countries in Russian, expanding it to full screen, decide on the route of future travel or awaken nostalgic memories of past vacation days. We give credit for their authenticity, because these are images from space and there are no errors in them. If a river, a forest, a beach are depicted there, then they really exist.
The source of such cartographic wealth is the Internet resource Google Map And service from Yandex. Using satellite maps of the world is very simple - they have two main control functions:
- change of scale;
- way of displaying the relief.
If you want to get a general idea of the area, then just open the “scheme”, which will allow you to carry out “strategic planning” - determine the location of cities and points that must be visited.
Much more opportunities to learn about the details of the relief are provided by the “satellite mode” of display, which recognizes terrain elements with a length of 10-15 meters:
- roads;
- clearings;
- squares;
- infrastructure;
- isolated rocks and peaks.
A political map of the world with countries large in Russian is also included in our list of useful tools in static form, you can see it below.
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Articles on the topic. Travel map to Russian Railways (availability of seats and ticket prices)
Political map of the world is a geographical map reflecting the countries of the world, their form of government and government structure. The political map reflects the main political and geographical changes: the formation of new independent states, changes in their status, mergers and divisions of states, loss or acquisition of sovereignty, changes in the area of states, replacement of their capitals, changes in the names of states and capitals, changes in forms of government, etc. .
In a broad sense, the political map of the world is not only the state borders of countries plotted on a cartographic basis. It contains information about the history of the formation of political systems and states, about the relationship between states in the modern world, about the uniqueness of regions and countries in their political structure, about the influence of the location of countries on their political structure and economic development.
At the same time, the political map of the world is a historical category, since it reflects all changes in the political structure and borders of states that occur as a result of various historical events.
Colorful political map of the world in English
All the changes that have arisen on the political map over the long history of its formation are of a different nature. Among them, a distinction is made between quantitative and qualitative changes. Quantitative ones include: annexation of newly discovered lands; territorial gains or losses during wars; unification or disintegration of states; concessions or exchanges between countries of land areas. Other changes are qualitative. They consist in the historical change of socio-economic formations; the country's acquisition of political sovereignty; introduction of new forms of government; the formation of interstate political unions, the appearance and disappearance of “hot spots” on the planet. Often quantitative changes are accompanied by qualitative ones. Recent events in the world show that quantitative shifts on the political map are increasingly giving way to qualitative ones, and this leads to the understanding that instead of war - the usual means of resolving interstate disputes - the path of dialogues, peaceful resolution of territorial disputes and international conflicts comes to the fore.
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According to experts, in the near future the political map of the world will undergo major changes. The trend toward an increase in the number of states based on ethnic principles continues. At the same time, state borders that do not correspond to the nations living within them will lose their meaning. On the other hand, international political alliances will play an even more important role.